Market overview

Canada regulates securities province by province rather than through a single federal agency. In Ontario, the largest of those jurisdictions, the Ontario Securities Commission is an independent Crown agency that makes rules with the force of law and carries out its powers under the Securities Commission Act, 2021, administering and enforcing Ontario’s Securities Act and Commodity Futures Act. Its mandate is to protect investors from unfair, improper or fraudulent practices, foster fair, efficient and competitive capital markets, foster capital formation and contribute to the stability of the financial system. The OSC regulates dealers, advisers and public companies as well as marketplaces, including the Toronto Stock Exchange. Ontario is home to more than one-third of Canadian businesses, and Toronto hosts the country’s largest stock exchange by market value. Dealer conduct sits with the Canadian Investment Regulatory Organization, whose Rule 7100 is the code of conduct for the secondary market in Government of Canada securities.

Read the full overview and sources

TMX operates the equity venues: Toronto Stock Exchange for established issuers, TSX Venture Exchange for earlier stage companies, and TSX Alpha Exchange, all fully electronic. The exchanges have provided access to equity capital for over 160 years, and the two listing venues feed the two headline benchmarks, with TSX companies eligible for the S&P/TSX Composite Index and its sector indices and TSXV companies eligible for the S&P/TSX Venture Composite Index. TSX Venture issuers graduate to the senior board, a route the exchange tracks as TSXV Grads.

TMX market statistics as at July 31, 2026 put the combined roster at 3,765 listed issuers with a market capitalisation of C$7,158.7 billion. Toronto Stock Exchange accounted for 2,264 of those issuers and C$7,032.1 billion, TSX Venture Exchange for 1,501 issuers and C$126.6 billion, which is the clearest single measure of how the two boards differ. Equity capital raised across both exchanges in the year to date through July 2026 was C$20,524.7 million.

The listing mix is unusually concentrated in resources and funds. As at the same date, mining accounted for 1,074 issuers across the two exchanges, more than any other sector, and 1,404 exchange traded products were listed on TSX Venture Exchange. By market value the ranking inverts: financial services carried C$2,070,848 million, ahead of mining, industrial products and services and oil and gas.

Government debt is issued by auction, with the Bank of Canada selling treasury bills and marketable bonds to financial market distributors and dealers. The Debt Management Report for 2024-25 records total market debt of $1,481.2 billion at the end of that fiscal year, total liabilities of $2,182.3 billion and net federal debt of $1,266.5 billion as at March 31, 2025. Bond issuance totalled $241 billion in 2024-25, up from $204 billion the year before, with long-term issuance of $80.0 billion, and average daily secondary market trading volume in Government of Canada bonds ran at $64.3 billion. GSN covers Canadian issuer disclosure, exchange announcements, provincial regulatory action and federal debt operations.

Sources

This overview is based on the official documents listed below, last checked 2026-09-03. Figures are as stated in those documents.

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